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Signal processing is an area of systems engineering electrical engineering and applied mathematics that deals with operations on or analysis of analog as well as digitized signals, representing time-varying or spatially varying physical quantities. Signals of interest can include sound, electromagnetic radiation, images, and sensor readings, for example biological measurements such as electrocardiograms, control system signals, telecommunication transmission signals, and many others.
The goals of signal processing can roughly be divided into the following categories.
Signal acquisition and reconstruction, which involves measuring a physical signal, storing it, and possibly later rebuilding the original signal or an approximation thereof. For digital systems, this typically includes sampling and quantization.
Quality improvement, such as noise reduction, image enhancement, and echo cancellation.
Signal compression (Source coding), including audio compression, image compression, and video compression.
Feature extraction, such as image understanding and speech recognition.
Seismic signal processing
In communication systems, signal processing may occur at OSI layer 1, the Physical Layer (modulation, equalization, multiplexing, etc.) in the seven layer OSI model, as well as at OSI layer 6, the Presentation Layer (source coding, including analog-to-digital conversion and signal compression).